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The use of 1H NMR in combination with principal component analysis (PCA) is proposed, for the first time, to discriminate methyl biodiesel from different sources. Sixty-six samples, either pure or combined into binary blends of biodiesel from castor, cotton, peanut, pinion, soybean and tallow were used in this study. The PCA of the selected regions in 1H NMR spectra proved to be a powerful tool for...
Gasoline is a very complex mixture of hundreds different components and, from a toxicological point of view, benzene is the most hazardous one. Some of the methods recommended present many drawbacks, such as time-consuming. Thus, the need to develop fast methods for routine analysis of benzene is fundamental to the quality control of gasoline. Therefore, the present work compared two different capillary...
The focus of European emissions legislation for light goods vehicles centres on tank-to-wheel (TTW) operation, despite the importance of the well-to-tank (WTT) impacts of supplying transport fuels. This work presents defensible calculations of best estimate and best-in-class WTT pathways to supply conventional and non-conventional fuels. These estimates are weighted by the availability of resources...
Deposited and heat-treated phthalocyanines are promising electrocatalysts for replacing platinum in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), the most important process in energy conversion systems such as fuel cells; and yet its key mechanistic features are not well understood. To optimize their use, it is necessary to understand their behavior in the absence of an electric field. In the pursuit of this...
Prediction of volumetric biodiesel/petrodiesel blend ratio (VBD) from specific gravity (SG) data was the subject of the current investigation. Fatty acid methyl esters obtained from soybean, palm and rapeseed oils along with chicken fat (SME-1, SME-2, PME, RME and CFME) were blended (0–20vol%) with three ultra-low sulfur (<15ppm S) diesel (ULSD) fuels and SG at 15.6°C was measured. Least-squares...
Gasification is considered to be a promising way to use biomass with high efficiency in combined heat and power production, for the production of second generation biofuels and in the chemical industry. Especially allothermal fluidized bed steam gasification produces a medium calorific, nitrogen free gas suitable for a variety of downstream processes. In general the raw product gas has to be cleaned...
In petroleum reservoir fluids, wax is mainly formed from n-alkanes (normal alkanes) at specific thermodynamic conditions. Through the wax formation phenomenon, in addition to the solid–liquid phase transition, some n-alkanes undergo an order–disorder solid–solid phase transition. These phase transitions appear in the SL (Solid–Liquid) fugacity ratio of pure component in the forms of phase change enthalpy...
A capacitance type densitometer was used to measure the densities of canola, jatropha and soapnut biodiesel and their blends at elevated temperatures and pressures. This densitometer is based on the principle that the capacitance of the liquid is proportional to the dielectric constant, which, in turn, is proportional to the density. Densities were measured from room temperature up to 523K and from...
This paper deals with the safety aspects of a 500kWth (thermal power) biomass gasification plant coupled with a 125kWe (electric power) molten carbonate fuel cell. In particular, it describes the procedure for assessing the explosion risk in presence of hydrogen-rich syngas and compares the results given by the application of technical standards with those obtained by the implementation of a fluid...
The extinction characteristics of particle clouds of NiO, CuO, and Fe2O3 metal oxides undergoing synthesis gas (syngas) reduction in chemical looping reactors were theoretically investigated using an adaptation of Semenov’s theory. The extinction was characterised in terms of a critical particle radius and a minimum percentage of the cloud mass loss (%CML). The critical sizes of metal oxide particles...
This paper reported the speciation of sulphur in two parent Victorian brown coals and their upgraded derivatives through the use of direct, non-destructive synchrotron-based S K-edge XANES. Victorian brown coal is the single largest source for power generation in Victoria, Australia. To date little has been known about its sulphur speciation. The results here demonstrated the predominance of organosulphur...
A skeletal mechanism with 115 species and 460 reactions for a tri-component biodiesel surrogate, which consists of methyl decanoate, methyl 9-decenoate and n-heptane, was developed to reduce computational costs for 3-D engine simulations. The detailed mechanism for biodiesel developed by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) was employed as the starting mechanism. The rate constants for the...
Coal is a very important fuel since the supply of oil is quite limited, whereas coal is much more plentiful. The pressurized fluidized bed combustion (PFBC) and integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) systems are considered the best for advanced coal-fired power plants. However, the high temperature syngas produced by these systems contains many dust particulates which need to be filtered before...
A multi-zone model is applied to investigate the potential of ethanol fuel stratification to reduce the problematic high rates of pressure-rise that can occur in homogeneous-charge compression-ignition (HCCI) engines. The model is first validated against published experimental data. Novel techniques for inducing in-cylinder stratification are then identified, that involve exploiting the high latent...
HC and CO emissions in a premixed low-temperature combustion mode fueled by blends of diesel and gasoline are investigated in this study. Tests were conducted on a single-cylinder direct-injection diesel engine, with gasoline proportion in fuel blends and engine control parameters (EGR rate, intake pressure and injection pressure) adjusted to investigate their influences on HC and CO emissions of...
This study focused on spray combustion of ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD) fuel under low oxygen conditions with low temperature combustion (LTC) mode in an optically accessible constant volume combustion chamber. The ambient oxygen concentration was configured as 10% and 15% to achieve low flame temperature. The ambient gas temperature varied from 800K to 1200K. High speed imaging of OH* chemiluminescence...
Removal of naphthenic acid from acid oil with basic ionic liquids (ILs) of imidazole anion, 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium imidazolide, was investigated. A series of batch deacidification runs were carried out to evaluate the final naphthenic acids content of acidification samples after the exposure to agitation at distinct ionic liquid kinds and concentrations. Results showed that these ILs of high...
As a renewable non-food resource, lignocellulosic biomass has great potential as an energy source. When pretreated by hydrothermal carbonization, the resulting biochar (or hydrochar) is hydrophobic and of higher energy density. Addition of ionic salts to this high pressure aqueous pretreatment reduces reaction pressure. Ca propionate, Ca acetate, Mg acetate, Ca lactate, Li chloride, Ca chloride, and...
Five Tertiary deposits in the Czech Republic were studied using coal petrological and organic geochemical methods. Coal samples were chosen to cover four lithotypes: xylite rich coal, matrix coal, liptobiolith, and sapropelic coal. Xylite rich and matrix coals are characterized by higher ulminite and densinite contents, and lower textinite and resinite contents. Sapropelic coals from the North Bohemian...
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